Example:
Charlene: I hope you brought the bread and the cheese.
Dexter : I brought the bread.
Dexter does not mention the cheese so he must intend that she infer that
what is not mentioned was not brought. In this case, Dexter has conveyed more
than what he said via a conversational implicature
In this case the speaker communicates meaning via implicature and the
listener recognizes communicated meaning via inference
Generalized conversational implicature
In this case no
special knowledge is required in the context to calculate the additional
conveyed meaning.
Particularized conversational implicatures
In this case
context helps inferences to be assumed.
Example
Anne: Where are you going with the dog?
Sam: to the V-E-T.
The dog does not like to go to the vet so Anne decides to spell the word,
which makes the utterance not very clear.
Conventional implicatures
They do not have to occur in conversation
and they don't depend on special contexts for their interpretation.
Conventional implicatures are associated with specific words and result in
additional conveyed meanings when those are used. The words: but, even, and yet
communicate something that is contrary to expectation
Scalar implicature
There are words that are mention to
communicate an amount of something in a scale. That is the case of the adverbs
of frequency. When the speaker uses words like sometimes or some, the listener
infers that never or many or few are not into the possibilities.
The use implicates that all similar utterances using an informationally stronger term are not true because, according to the conversational maxim of quantity, a speaker would ordinarily be required to make a stronger, more informative utterance if a true one were available.
Examples:
- In the utterance some of the boys went to the party, the word some implicates "not all of the boys went to the party."
- The words none, some, and all form an implicational scale, in which the use of one form implicates that the use of a stronger form is not possible.
